| 论文/程序题目 | 作者 | 下载 | 主要内容介绍 | Hits |
| A Thermodynamic Theory of Economics |
John Bryant |  |
An analogy between thermodynamic and economic theories and processes is developed further, following a previous paper published by the author in 1982. Economic equivalents are set out concerning the ideal gas equation, the gas constant, pressure, temperature, entropy, work done, specific heat and the 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics. The law of diminishing marginal utility was derived from thermodynamic first principles. Conditions are set out concerning the relationship of economic processes to entropic gain. A link between the Le Chatelier principle and economic processes is developed, culminating in a derivation of an equation similar in format to that of Cobb Douglas production function, but with an equilibrium constant and a disequilibrium function added to it. A trade cycle is constructed, utilising thermodynamic processes, and equations are derived for cycle efficiency, growth and entropy gain. A thermodynamic model of a money system is set out, and an attempt is made to relate interest rates, the rate of return, money demand and the velocity of circulation to entropy gain. Aspects concerning the measurement of economic value in thermodynamic terms are discussed. | 7 |
| Natural selection for least action |
Ville R.I. Kaila,Arto Annila | |
The second law of thermodynamics is a powerful imperative that has acquired several expressions during the past centuries. Connections between two of its most prominent forms, i.e. the evolutionary principle by natural selection and the principle of least action, are examined. Although no fundamentally new findings are provided, it is illuminating to see how the two principles rationalizing natural motions reconcile to one law. The second law, when written as a differential equation of motion, describes evolution along the steepest descents in energy and, when it is given in its integral form, the otion is pictured to take place along the shortest paths in energy. In general, evolution is a non-Euclidian energy density landscape in flattening motion. | 18 |
| A discussion on maximum entropy production and information theory |
Stijn Bruers | |
We will discuss the maximum entropy production (MaxEP) principle based on Jaynes’ information theoretical arguments, as was done by Dewar (2003,2005). With the help of a simple mathematical model of a non-equilibrium system, we will show how to derive minimum and maximum entropy production. Furthermore, the model will help us to clarify some confusing points and to see differences between some MaxEP studies in the literature. | 19 |
| Information theory and Statistical Physics |
E.T. Jaynes | |
这篇文章为统计物理的主观学派奠定了基础。文章指出，平衡态统计物理不过是观察者由于信息的丧失导致的一种最大化熵的统计推断算法。与传统统计物理不同，Jaynes主张从最大化熵出发，而不是把熵看作是需要理论解释的终点。 | 71 |
| 人类大脑皮层的结构核心 |
林枫 |  |
关于大脑皮层结构的网络研究 | 128 |
| Is utility theory so different from thermodynamics? |
Eric Smith,Dunkan Foley |  |
这种通过建立热力学同效用理论的类比，从而将统计物理模型扩展到经济学之中 | 178 |
Thermodynamics of natural selection |
Eric Smith | |
这是三篇连续的论文，主要论述生命起源、达尔文自然选择的热力学起源问题。三篇文章发表在同一期Journal of Theoretical Biology杂志上，分别从熵与热力学、化学反应中的卡诺循环、可逆计算和Landuar定理的角度论述能量流、熵与生命起源的关系。生命的起源可以看作是信息流从一大堆能量和物质流的基础上涌现而出的过程，因此这系列文章就是要论述物质和信息的关系。 | 196 |
| The Turing Test |
B. JACK COPELAND | |
Turing’s test has been much misunderstood. Recently unpublished material by Turing casts fresh light on his thinking and dispels a number of philosophical myths concerning the Turing test. Properly understood, the Turing test withstands objections that are popularly believed to be fatal. | 196 |
| Scaling theory for information networks |
Melanie E. Moses,Stephanie Forrest | |
Networks distribute energy, materials and information to the components of a variety of natural and human-engineered systems, including organisms, brains, the Internet and microprocessors. Distribution networks enable the integrated and coordinated functioning of these systems, and they also constrain their design. The similar hierarchical branching networks observed in organisms and microprocessors are striking, given that the structure of organisms has evolved via natural selection, while microprocessors are designed by engineers. Metabolic scaling theory (MST) shows that the rate at which networks deliver energy to an organism is proportional to its mass raised to the 3/4 power. We show that computational systems are also characterized by nonlinear network scaling and use MST principles to characterize how information networks scale, focusing on how MST predicts properties of clock distribution networks in microprocessors. The MST equations are modified to account for variation in the size and density of transistors and terminal wires in microprocessors. Based on the scaling of the clock distribution network, we predict a set of trade-offs and performance properties that scale with chip size and the number of transistors. However, there are systematic deviations between power requirements on microprocessors and predictions derived directly from MST. These deviations are addressed by augmenting the model to account for decentralized flow in some microprocessor networks (e.g. in logic networks). More generally, we hypothesize a set of constraints between the size, power and performance of networked information systems including transistors on chips, hosts on the Internet and neurons in the brain. | 265 |
| 电子书：点—线—网：自然、人文、经济的网络观与实践 |
林枫 | |
本书采用通俗的写作手法，深入浅出地介绍了复杂网络、分形、复杂系统、动力系统等概念，并就它们在生命科学、经济科学等领域中的应用进行了广泛的探讨。作者是一名从事康复医学工作的研究生，却能够通晓古今、旁征博引，最终独立完成这本书的写作。 | 647 |
| Energy Flows and Maximum Power on an Evolutionary Ecological Community Model |
Zhang Jiang | |
食物网是研究生态群落中多个物种捕食相互作用的有力模型。食物网上的能量流由网络的结构决定，同时长时间的生物进化（物种形成与物种灭绝）又可以改变网络上的结构。为了理解网络结构与能量流的共同演化，本文提出了一个简单的积分偏微分方程模型，并用计算机模拟的方法对模型进行了讨论。最后，本文在此模型简化的特殊情况基础上，证明了最大功率原理——随着食物网演化，总能量流增强。 | 401 |
| Statistical mechanics unifies different ecological patterns |
Roderick C. Dewar,Annabel Porte | |
Recently there has been growing interest in the use of maximum relative entropy (MaxREnt) as a tool for statistical inference in ecology. In contrast, here we propose MaxREnt as a tool for applying statistical mechanics to ecology. We use MaxREnt to explain and predict species abundance patterns in ecological communities in terms of the most probable behaviour under given environmental constraints, in the same way that statistical mechanics explains and predicts the behaviour of thermodynamic systems. We show that MaxREnt unifies a number of different ecological patterns: (i) at relatively local scales a unimodal biodiversity–productivity relationship is predicted in good agreement with published data on grassland communities, (ii) the predicted relative frequency of rare vs. abundant species is very similar to the empirical lognormal distribution, (iii) both neutral and non-neutral species abundance patterns are explained, (iv) on larger scales a monotonic biodiversity–productivity relationship is predicted in agreement with the species-energy law, (v) energetic equivalence and power law self-thinning behaviour are predicted in resource-rich communities. We identify mathematical similarities between these ecological patterns and the behaviour of thermodynamic systems, and conclude that the explanation of ecological patterns is not unique to ecology but rather reflects the generic statistical behaviour of complex systems with many degrees of freedom under very general types of environmental constraints. | 297 |
| Understanding Belief Propagation and its Generalizations |
Jonathan S. Yedidia,William T. Freeman | |
"Inference" problems arise in statistical physics, computer vision, error-correcting coding theory, and AI. We explain the principles behind the belief propagation (BP) algorithm, which is an efficient way to solve inference problems based on passing local messages. We develop a unified approach, with examples, notation, and graphical models borrowed from the relevant disciplines. We explain the close connection between the BP algorithm and the Bethe approximation of statistical physics. In particular, we show that BP can only converge to a fixed point that is also a stationary point of the Bethe approximation to the free energy. This result helps explain the successes of the BP algorithm and enables connections to be made with variational approaches to approximate inference. The connection of BP with the Bethe approximation also suggests a way to construct new message passing algorithms based on imporvements to Bethe's approximation introduced by Kilkuchi and others. The new generalized belief propagation (GBP) algorithms are significantly more accurate than ordinary BP for some problems. We illustrate how to construct GBP algorithms with a detailed example. | 333 |
| 报告PPT: 熵与流 |
张江 | |
介绍统计物理的基本思想，讨论熵概念的具体含义。另外，从一个简单的流动网络模型，指出如何用玻尔兹曼的思想导出最大化流原理。实质上，这就是Dewar工作的通俗解释，即最大化信息熵导出最大化热力学熵产生原理。 | 766 |
| 量子物理通俗讲稿 |
季燕江 |  |
本文是集智俱乐部两次活动：季燕江老师所做的有关量子物理通俗讲稿。内容涵盖粒子与波、波函数、薛定谔方程、自旋等 | 615 |
| A Survey of Peer-to-Peer File Sharing Technologies |
Stephanos Androutsellis-Theotokis | |
In the recent years, the evolution of a new wave of innovative network architectures labeled “peer-to-peer (p2p)” has been witnessed. Such architectures and systems are characterized by direct access between peer computers, rather than through a centralized server. The recently formed Peer-to-Peer Working Group, a consortium including industry leaders aiming at the advancement of infrastructures and bestknown practices for peer-to-peer computing, defines p2p as the “sharing of computer resources by direct exchange”. Apart from resources, p2p offers a way of decentralizing administration (as well as cost). | 442 |
| Non-equilibrium thermodynamics and production of entropy |
Hartmut Grassl et.al. | |
最大化熵产生是近年来活跃于非平衡态统计物理领域中的一个较新的原理，类似于平衡态的熵被最大化，在非平衡态系统中，系统的演化轨迹将朝向于最快速的释放熵。目前该原理已经在天气系统、河流系统、生命、生态系统中得到了一定的应用。 | 572 |
| Non-linear Dynamics and Chaos |
Strogatz | |
介绍非线性动力学和混沌的一本经典读物（电子书） | 892 |
| Energy Flows and Organization of Life |
Harold Morowitz,Eric Smith | |
关于生命起源的一种全新研究视角：能量流。作者认为，生命现象只不过是释放能量流的一种更加快速、稳定的途径，因此生命的起源也是不可避免的。 | 600 |
| Maximum entropy production and the fluctuation |
R C Dewar | |
Recently the author used an information theoretical formulation of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics (MaxEnt) to derive the fluctuation theorem (FT) concerning the probability of second law violating phase-space paths. A less rigorous argument leading to the variational principle of maximum entropy production (MEP) was also given. Here a more rigorous and general mathematical derivation ofMEP from MaxEnt is presented, and the relationship between MEP and the FT is thereby clarified. Specifically, it is shown that the FT allows a general orthogonality property of maximum information entropy to be extended to entropy production itself, from whichMEP then follows. The new derivation highlights MEP and the FT as generic properties of MaxEnt probability distributions involving anti-symmetric constraints, independently of any physical interpretation. Physically, MEP applies to the entropy production of those macroscopic fluxes that are free to vary under the imposed constraints, and corresponds to selection of the most probable macroscopic flux configuration. In special cases MaxEnt also leads to various upper bound transport principles. The relationship between MaxEnt and previous theories of irreversible processes due to Onsager, Prigogine and Ziegler is also clarified in the light of these results. | 398 |
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